气相分子吸收光谱法测定地表水中硫化物

采用气相分子吸收光谱法测定地表水中硫化物,方法检出限为0.002 mg/L,水样加标回收率为96.5%~107%,精密度(RSD,n=6)为0.08%~1.38%。实验结果表明:该方法准确可靠、灵敏度好、操作简便,适用于地表水中硫化物分析要求。     

The Value of Using Feasibility Models in Systematic Conservation Planning to Predict Landholder Management Uptake

Understanding the social dimensions of conservation opportunity is crucial for conservation planning in multiple‐use landscapes. However, factors that influence the feasibility of implementing conservation actions, such as the history of landscape management, and landholders’ willingness to engage are often difficult or time consuming to quantify and rarely incorporated into planning. We examined how conservation agencies could reduce costs of acquiring such data by developing predictive models of management feasibility parameterized with social and biophysical factors likely to influence landholders’ decisions to engage in management. To test the utility of our best‐supported model, we developed 4 alternative investment scenarios based on different input data for conservation planning: social data only; biological data only; potential conservation opportunity derived from modeled feasibility that incurs no social data collection costs; and existing conservation opportunity derived from feasibility data that incurred collection costs. Using spatially explicit information on biodiversity values, feasibility, and management costs, we prioritized locations in southwest Australia to control an invasive predator that is detrimental to both agriculture and natural ecosystems: the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). When social data collection costs were moderate to high, the most cost‐effective investment scenario resulted from a predictive model of feasibility. Combining empirical feasibility data with biological data was more cost‐effective for prioritizing management when social data collection costs were low (<4% of the total budget). Calls for more data to inform conservation planning should take into account the costs and benefits of collecting and using social data to ensure that limited funding for conservation is spent in the most cost‐efficient and effective manner.     

Plant steroid hormones produced under Ni stress are involved in the regulation of metal uptake and oxidative stress in Brassica juncea L

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are involved in the amelioration of various biotic and abiotic stresses. With an aim to explore the role of BRs under heavy metal stress, plants of Brassica juncea L. were grown in pots. The plants were subjected to various concentrations of Nickel metal (0.0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mM) and harvested on 60th day in order to observe the expression of these hormones. The isolated BRs from the leaves of Brassica plants characterized by GC-MS include 24-Epibrassinolide (24-EBL), Castasterone, Dolicholide and Typhasterole. The effect of isolated 24-EBL was studied on Ni metal uptake and antioxidative defense system in 60 d old plants of Brassica. It was observed that 24-EBL significantly increased the activities of stress ameliorating enzymes and lowered the metal uptake in plants. This is the first report in B. juncea L. plants showing the expression of BRs under metal treatments and effect of the isolated 24-EBL on metal uptake and in oxidative stress management.     

制药废水有机污染物特性分析与处理

分析了某制药企业废水生物处理站进出水中有机污染物的相对分子质量分布和气相色谱—质谱图谱,提出了根据废水水质特性有针对性地确定制药废水处理工艺的新思路.实验结果表明:进出水中的有机污染物主要是相对分子质量小于1 000的物质,且主要来源于车间5排放的COD比重大、水量小的工段废水；采用旋转蒸馏预处理法处理车间5废水,可使...     

Impact of microbial communities from tropical soils on the mobilization of trace metals during dissolution of cinnabar ore

Biodissolution experiments on cinnabar ore(mercury sulphide and other sulphide minerals,such as pyrite) were performed with microorganisms extracted directly from soil. These experiments were carried out in closed systems under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 2 different soils sampled in French Guyana. The two main objectives of this study were(1) to quantify the ability of microorganisms to mobilize metals(Fe, Al, Hg) during the dissolution of cinnabar ore, and(2) to identify the links between the type and chemical properties of soils, environmental parameters such as season and the strategies developed by indigenous microorganisms extracted from tropical natural soils to mobilize metals.Results indicate that microbial communities extracted directly from various soils are able to(1) survive in the presence of cinnabar ore, as indicated by consumption of carbon sources and,(2) leach Hg from cinnabar in oxic and anoxic dissolution experiments via the acidification of the medium and the production of low molecular mass organic acids(LMMOAs). The dissolution rate of cinnabar in aerobic conditions with microbial communities ranged from 4.8 × 10~(-4) to 2.6 × 10~(-3) μmol/m~2/day and was independent of the metabolites released by the microorganisms. In addition, these results suggest an indirect action by the microorganisms in the cinnabar dissolution. Additionally, because iron is a key element in the dynamics of Hg, microbes were stimulated by the presence of this metal,and microbes released LMMOAs that leached iron from iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and oxy-hydroxide of iron, in the mixed cinnabar ore.     

滇西北高原湖泊剑湖演变过程及其生态环境效应分析

以滇西北高原湖泊剑湖为研究区,1974—2015年间8期遥感影像为数据源,运用遥感和地理信息系统技术,研究剑湖湖泊近40年间的时空演变过程,探析剑湖湖泊的入湖污染物及其生态环境效应变化。结果表明:近40年来剑湖湖泊面积呈现先明显减少再增加后缓慢减少的变化规律,由1974年的504.47 hm~2减至2015年的451.72 hm~2;目前剑湖水体中COD含量较低,符合地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;TP含量满足Ⅲ类标准;TN含量仅可满足IV类标准;剑湖入湖的主要污染源是农村生活污染和农业面源污染;随着时间的演变剑湖湖泊TN、TP污染物浓度呈上升趋势,剑湖湖泊生态系统受到极大干扰。     

铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地对污水厂尾水深度脱氮效果

针对污水厂尾水总氮(TN)含量偏高、微生物可利用碳源低的问题,构建铁炭内电解垂直流人工湿地(ICIE-VFCW)装置,研究了ICIE-VFCW对尾水的处理效果,并采用紫外-可见光光谱(UV-VIS)、凝胶过滤色谱(GFC),进一步探讨了ICIEVFCW强化脱氮机制.结果表明,ICIE-VFCW可提高系统对尾水中COD的去除,出水COD可稳定在30 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季COD平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别可提高10.16%、9.81%、11.22%.系统出水TN可维持在10 mg·L~(-1)以下,全年、暖季、寒季TN平均去除率较普通垂直流人工湿地分别提高13.72%、12.90%、16.17%.经过人工湿地处理后,污水中有机物的腐殖度、芳香度及相对分子质量(Mr)均有所下降,且ICIE-VFCW中Mr下降更为明显.湿地基质掺杂铁炭可促进尾水中大分子有机物转化为小分子,为微生物提供更多可利用碳源,从而提高脱氮效率.     

光催化降解渗滤液DOM不同组分的相对分子质量变化特征

采用凝胶色谱技术研究了光催化氧化处理过程中垃圾渗滤液DOM 6种组分的分子质量变化规律.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液DOM的相对分子质量大多在104以下,平均在104以上的大分子物质主要是HIB和HIN,仅占渗滤液DOM总量的20%左右.其余组分大多位于(1～10)×103之间,低于500的组分含量很少.说明垃圾渗滤液DOM是以中等相对分子质量的黄腐酸类物质为主,难以生物降解.光催化处理过程中渗滤液DOM的相对分子质量分布范围逐渐变宽,多分散系数D逐渐增大.HOB、HIB、HIA以及HON组分在光催化处理后,相对分子质量显著减小;其中HOB减小最为明显,由初始的(4～25)×103,减小为72 h的(0.4～1)×103之间.而HOA和HIN组分的相对分子质量呈增加趋势,其中HOA增加最为明显,在垃圾原液中分布于(2～20)×103,在72 h光催化处理液中位于(20～50)×103之间.随着处理时间延长,DOM各组分的RID信号均降低,说明其浓度下降.整体上看,渗滤液DOM各组分均发生了明显光催化转化.     

黄河口湿地土壤中正构烷烃分子指标及物源指示意义

对黄河口湿地表层土壤中的总有机碳、正构烷烃等进行了分析,计算了正构烷烃分子指标,探讨了其物源指示意义,并对不同采样区域和采样时间的结果进行了比较.结果表明,黄河口湿地土壤中正构烷烃以高碳奇数烷烃(C25～C33)为主,说明土壤中有机质主要来自于陆地高等植物,而样品中未分离混合物的存在表明土壤可能受到了油类污染.土壤中总的正构烷烃含量有明显的时间和区域差异,总的变化范围在0.57～3.90μg.g-1.在2009年4月(枯水期)总的正构烷烃含量相对6月(调水调沙期间)要高,以黄河口湿地核心恢复区最高,其次是黄河入海前最后一个浮桥下方的黄河北岸,最后是黄河故道区域,而6月的变化趋势与此相反.这一变化趋势与总有机碳是一致的,而与中值粒径的变化趋势相反,反映了两个不同的采样时间水环境条件的差异.基于正构烷烃的分子指标,如平均链长ACL、奇偶优势度OEP、烷烃指数AI、碳优势指数CPI和陆海比TAR等表明黄河口湿地土壤的有机质的成熟度较低,有较强的陆源高等植物输入优势,且主要来自于草本植物.与其他指标相比,陆海比指标TAR更好地反映了水环境条件的变化.     

天然有机物的相对分子质量分布及亲疏水性对微滤膜组合工艺中膜污染的影响

研究采用混凝沉淀+粉末活性炭吸附+高锰酸钾+浸没式微滤膜的组合工艺对太湖水进行中试试验,通过高效凝胶色谱(HPSEC-UV-TOC)和三维荧光(3DEEM)的测定方法,着重考察有机物的相对分子质量(Mr)分布和亲疏水性对膜不可逆污染的影响.凝胶色谱分析表明:预处理可几乎完全去除大分子有机物(Mr>10×103),但仅能去除部分的中等分子(10×103>Mr>1×103)和小分子(Mr<1×103)有机物.研究发现化学清洗水中的有机物相对分子质量多为中等分子和小分子,说明导致膜不可逆污染的主要是中等分子和小分子有机物.此外,洗膜水中强疏和中性亲水组分含量远高于弱疏和极性亲水,说明强疏和中性亲水组分是不可逆污染的主要物质.三维荧光分析表明,芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物产物是造成膜不可逆污染的主要污染物.